Western USA drought worst in modern era

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smkettner said:
Farmers without water rights will be unprofitable and move first.
That does seem likely.

As you know, the vast majority of water in California is used by agriculture. So, one could suggest that the farms get reduced water in favor of domestic consumption. But with the loss in agricultural production, the entire country would feel the effects if this drought continues. What's the solution? More agriculture in the wet coastal parts of the PNW as well as the East? When it comes to vegetable, fruit, nuts, and other crops, California is a really big deal. Using water more efficiently will help for awhile, but drying up the farms will have consequences, if it comes to that.
 
Catching up...

Start with a classic description, and a more recent view of Mt Shasta:

“Mount Shasta , situated near the northern extremity of the Sierra Nevada, rises in solitary grandeur from a lightly sculptured lava plain, and maintains a far more impressive and commanding individuality than any other mountain within the limits of California.

“Go where you will within a radius of from fifty to a hundred miles, there stands the colossal cone of Shasta, clad in perpetual snow, the one grand landmark that never sets.”

That’s John Muir, writing in 1877...

You wonder what Muir would say today, when drought has all but stripped the mountain of its “perpetual” snow...

California’s version of Mount Fuji... is comparatively invisible now until you’re almost on top of it... (due to) murky skies caused by wildfires throughout the North State...

As recently as December 2012, a single storm dumped more than 10 feet of snow on Mount Shasta (the mountain holds the distinction of the most snowfall ever recorded in a single continuous storm, by the way; 189 inches fell there in one week of February 1959). And, of course, the mountain’s snow cover has been sparse before. Now the state of the mountain resembles that seen during the super-dry years of 1976-77.

The slider images (at link below) depict Mount Shasta in full snowclad splendor (January 2007) and last week. The sequence of images below begins with the 2007 shot, includes a view from July 2013, and ends with last week.
http://blogs.kqed.org/newsfix/2014/09/03/california-drought-snapshot-snowless-mount-shasta/" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

Last week's CWB update:

California’s drought very unlikely to improve in short term; thoughts about the upcoming winter rainy season

Filed in Uncategorized by Daniel Swain on August 31, 2014 • 215 Comments

...What’s the overall message here? Right now, there aren’t any clear precipitation signals for the upcoming winter. However, it does appear that near or below-average precipitation is the most likely outcome for the fall months, while there are nearly equal chances of above or below normal precipitation later this winter. Because there is no obvious drought relief on the horizon, it would be wise to prepare for another dry year. Stay tuned...
http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1756#disqus_thread" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

Shasta and Trinity "Lakes" both below 30% capacity, and dropping...

http://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvo/vungvari/daily.pdf" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

Which leads BBC's week in pictures:

Houseboats are dwarfed by the steep banks of Shasta Lake at Bridge Bay Resort in Redding, California, which is currently near just 30% of its total capacity. This is the lowest it has been since 1977. The state has been hit by its worst drought in a century, leaving hundreds of households and landowners without water.

http://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-29059374" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
 
Vegetables that used to come from CA in the Whole Foods Market here in the Chicago area are now coming from Iowa and Wisconsin and they are now 50 cents higher and smaller than before. We are feeling it here too.
 
dgpcolorado said:
smkettner said:
Farmers without water rights will be unprofitable and move first.
That does seem likely.

As you know, the vast majority of water in California is used by agriculture. So, one could suggest that the farms get reduced water in favor of domestic consumption. But with the loss in agricultural production, the entire country would feel the effects if this drought continues. What's the solution? More agriculture in the wet coastal parts of the PNW as well as the East? When it comes to vegetable, fruit, nuts, and other crops, California is a really big deal. Using water more efficiently will help for awhile, but drying up the farms will have consequences, if it comes to that.
All farmers will not move out. Just those on the edge. Many have senior water rights that pretty much give unlimited unmonitored water. It is not like the whole valley stops growing.
Plenty of other land has not been farmed in many many years due to inadequate allocation.
 
CWB has a short summary of the relationship of the current Western USA drought and climate change worldwide:

California Drought of 2013-2014: Character, Context, and the Role of Climate Change

Filed in Uncategorized by Daniel Swain on September 29, 2014 • 12 Comments

A note from the author

This special update is a little different from what I typically post on the California Weather Blog. In the paragraphs below, I discuss results from and context for a study that my colleagues and I recently published in a special issue of the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (Swain et al. 2014).

Unlike the majority of content on this blog, this report has undergone scientific peer review—an important distinction to make in the science blogosphere—and claims made on the basis of our peer-reviewed findings are marked with an asterisk (*) throughout this post...

What’s causing these incredibly warm and dry conditions in California?

The atmospheric pattern over much of North America has been exhibiting a remarkable degree of persistence over the past 12-18 months. This very unusual atmospheric configuration—in which the large-scale atmospheric wave pattern appears to be largely “stuck” in place—has been characterized by a seemingly ever-present West Coast ridge...

In addition to causing extremely low precipitation in California, the Triple R is also largely responsible for California’s record warmth over the past 9 months....

This combination of endless clear skies and far warmer than usual near-shore ocean temperatures have allowed California’s air temperatures thus far in 2014 to be the warmest on record since at least 1895–and by a considerable margin.

Has climate change increased the likelihood of events like the 2013-2014 California drought?

The 2013-2014 California drought is clearly an extreme meteorological event in the context of observed climate of the 20th and early 21st centuries. Given the extremity of the physical event and the severity of the impacts in California, an important question arises: has human-caused climate change influenced the likelihood of an event like the ongoing California drought?...

Using these climate model simulations, we found that the human emission of greenhouse gases has very likely tripled the likelihood of experiencing large-scale atmospheric conditions similar to those observed in 2013...

http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

Link to the peer reviewed article, in the Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society :

EXPLAINING EXTREME EVENTS OF 2013 From A Climate Perspective

http://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/assets/File/publications/BAMS_EEE_2013_Full_Report.pdf" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
 
From the "Summary and Broader Context" portion of the linked paper (bolding mine):
EXPLAINING EXTREME EVENTS OF 2013 From A Climate Perspective said:
However, the three papers that looked at the California drought did not find a clear anthropogenic influence. “Examining the Contribution of the Observed Global Warming Trend to the California Droughts of 2012/13 and 2013/14” and “Causes of the Extreme Dry Conditions Over California During Early 2013” looked directly at the precipitation deficits associated with the California drought and their link to SSTs and found no appreciable effect from long-term SST warming. “The Extraordinary California Drought of 2013/14: Character, Context, and the Role of Climate Change” took a different approach and focused on particular circulation patterns that contributed to the drought, rather than examining precipitation directly. While they found global warming to increase the probability of certain large-scale atmospheric circulations, the implications for extremely low precipitation over California were found to be uncertain. This comparison of three studies for the same extreme event, each using different methods and metrics, strengthened the attribution evidence (in this case, against a substantial effect of global warming on the severe precipitation deficits), and revealed the sources of uncertainty more deeply than might have been evident from a single study alone.
Sometimes I wonder what is the point of doing the science and writing the papers if the results are simply going to be twisted to support someone's political agenda.

Also, the idea that the current conditions are somehow "remarkable" or "very unusual" can only come from ignorance of the history of the region. As I posted previously in this thread:
RegGuheert said:
Unfortunately, tree ring data records some very long hard droughts in CA within the past 2000 years. Apparently there was a drought that started in 850AD which lasted about 240 years:
MSN.com said:
Through studies of tree rings, sediment and other natural evidence, researchers have documented multiple droughts in California that lasted 10 or 20 years in a row during the past 1,000 years — compared to the mere three-year duration of the current dry spell. The two most severe megadroughts make the Dust Bowl of the 1930s look tame: a 240-year-long drought that started in 850 and, 50 years after the conclusion of that one, another that stretched at least 180 years.
Another interesting quote:
The longest droughts of the 20th century, what Californians think of as severe, occurred from 1987 to 1992 and from 1928 to 1934. Both, Stine said, are minor compared to the ancient droughts of 850 to 1090 and 1140 to 1320.
The simple fact is that a drought lasting 12-18 months in CA is nothing when compared with the duration of historical droughts.
 
Best Evidence so far on the effects of Global Climate Change and its relationship with man-made emissions

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/30/science/earth/human-related-climate-change-led-to-extreme-heat-scientists-say.html?emc=edit_th_20140930&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=20278113" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
 
RegGuheert said:
Sometimes I wonder what is the point of doing the science and writing the papers if the results are simply going to be twisted to support someone's political agenda.

Also, the idea that the current conditions are somehow "remarkable" or "very unusual" can only come from ignorance of the history of the region.

Changing the energy production is a big political issue, and there are many conflicting agendas. Climate science suggests that we have a choice: leave most of the fossil fuel carbon in the ground or suffer increasing climate change.

Science can't tell us which choice to make. That's politics.

To find a reliable climate change today, we need to look at long time durations global records. Short term and regional records are going to have a lot of weather "noise" included, so right now at best a statistical result could be expected. However, this isn't static. As the amount of CO2 climbs and as the time for the CO2 to warm the oceans increases, the "signal" of climate change will get larger than the "noise" of weather.

Remember that once we decide to stop release of CO2 it will take decades to completely stop, and the peak warming will be centuries in the future.
 
groundwater.jpg

Figure 1 | NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission is providing new, space-based insights into the global nature of groundwater depletion3–5. The ongoing California drought is evident in these mps of dry season (September–November) total water storage anomalies (in mm equivalent water height; anomalies with respect to 2005–2010) in the western United States. The maps were constructed using GRACE Mascons solutions from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (M. M. Watkins, D. N. Wiese, D.-N. Yuan, C. Boening and F. W. Landerer, unpublished results). California’s Sacramento and San Joaquin river basins have lost roughly 15 km3 of total water per year since 2011 — more water than all 38 million Californians use for domesticand municipal supplies annually — over half of which is due to groundwater pumping in the Central Valley 3,5 Image: Felix W. Landerer, NSA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA

http://climatecrocks.com/2014/11/10/groundwater-rapidly-depleting-world-wide/#comments
 
About a month into North California's rainy season Shasta reservoir has still not bottomed out, as we are still emptying it faster than the inflow, and the level has come down a few more feet (174.97 feet from the crest last midnight) in the last few weeks:

http://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvo/vungvari/daily.pdf" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

Hopefully, the light rain today will at least be enough to scrub the air in the San Joaquin:


Drought and Warm Temperatures Cause Unusual Spike in Central Valley Air Pollution


Nov 12, 2014

...You can see, and taste, the thick, soupy haze in the air. Check out the video below if you want to see it for yourself.

The main culprit is PM 2.5, tiny particles of soot, chemicals and debris that can burrow deep into the lungs, causing breathing problems, heart attacks and even strokes...

Hourly readings of PM 2.5 on the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District’s real-time monitoring website have been hovering in the red (unhealthy) and purple (extremely unhealthy) zones since last week, sometimes reaching levels three times higher than the average daily federal health standard.

The San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District says unusually warm temperatures for November — and the ongoing drought — are to blame.

“Low overnight temperatures, high afternoon temperatures, so the inversion layer is getting fairly close to the ground overnight. It’s mushing all that pollution down,” says the air district’s Jaime Holt.

“Extreme stagnation, long dry spells, with very little air movement,” adds Samir Sheikh, deputy air pollution control officer. “Just the perfect conditions for PM 2.5 to form in the atmosphere.”

Air district officials have been asking residents not to burn their fireplaces and commuters to shorten trips and not idle their cars at drive-thrus. But air quality activists says the air district needs to publicly ask schools to cancel athletic events, too.

“Schools usually keep their kids in from recess, from PE because of the air quality, but after school, they’re not really following their recommendations anymore,” says Dolores Weller, of the Central Valley Air Quality Coalition. “The air district does need to give some stronger recommendations based on protecting kids’ health.”

That’s a critique that air quality activists have been making for a long time: the health message about air quality isn’t getting out there to the public...

http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/12/drought-and-warm-temperatures-cause-unusual-spike-in-central-valley-air-pollution" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

I admit I'm envious of the extra $2,500 rebate BEV buyers down south get, but if there is a region needing to prioritize BEV adoption, it must be the San Joaquin Valley
 
Some relief is coming to the west coast this weekend in the form of 3-to-6 inches of rain in the warmer climates and 1-to-2 feet of snow in the Sierras: CA Drought Relief this Weekend. Rainfall should be spread over the period of Friday through Tuesday.

Now that the huge high-pressure "bubble" over the Pacific has dissipated, perhaps more of the same will follow. It will be interesting to see if the Pacific "bubble" returns or if it is gone for good.
 
Light rain began yesterday, and Weather West put the current storm in perspective:

The big picture: much-needed precipitation still likely this week; extreme drought continues

...What’s the overall message here? Well, it still looks pretty likely that most of California will see some rain this week, that the Sierra Nevadas <sic> will see some snow, and that said precipitation may be heavy at times in at least some regions.

There will probably be some very short-term relief from the ongoing exceptional drought conditions, as fresh snow falls in the mountains, streams in some watersheds begin to flow, and California’s annual wet-season “green-up” begins in earnest in many areas. On balance, though, this is not really the pattern we need to see for sustained, long-term drought relief–especially if the flow pattern over the Eastern Pacific transitions back toward amplified ridging during early December as is currently being suggested by the GFS. Long-term seasonal forecasts by global modeling centers do suggest that the potential exists for an enhanced subtropical jet during the heart of winter, with the coincident increase in the potential for beneficial rainfall in California. Until we actually start seeing such a zonal flow pattern develop in the real atmosphere, however, any drought relief that does occur will probably be in the form of transient (but potentially quite moist) storm systems in a much higher-amplitude flow regime.

In the meantime, enjoy the (probable) rain and snow this weekend and early next week!

http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2020" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

California's complex water storage and delivery system is highly climate-dependent.

We need precipitation at the right place, the right time, and at the right temperatures, to allow snowpack and reservoir storage to carry over the dry season.

That did not happen last year, and we utilized record draw-downs of non-renewable groundwater resources to carry us over.

And we aren't doing very well (yet, ~a quarter through) this rain year, either.

While rainfall has been ~normal where it matters most, in the North:


California Climate Station Precipitation Summary


http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

Much of the precipitation occurred at the wrong time, too early in the (record-warm fall) season to add snowpack, or even halt the drawdown of the reservoirs.

Most of the rain stayed where it fell, saturating the soil, and then evaporated without producing much runoff.

So the reservoirs are still at or near their annual lows (most lower than they have been since the 1977 drought) ~ a month later than when they typically increase their storage

The graphic below gives a good picture of the situation:

http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

Shasta reservoir finally increased (0.01 inch!) its level today, and that should mean yesterday was the low level of 2014. Edit: 889.49 low recorded on 11/30/14.

http://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvo/vungvari/daily.pdf" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

However, snow levels today are quite high, looks like over 6,000 ft. at Mt Shasta Ski park:

http://skipark.com/the-mountain/cams/" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

Hopefully, we will see snow at the base, ~5,500 ft, by tomorrow.
 
http://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2014/11/29/california-rains-weather/19689417/" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
VISALIA, Calif. — As drenching rains moving Saturday across Northern California, this city about 230 miles to the southwest was preparing for possible flooding next week.
 
We've got a creekbed next door to our building, that's usually just a trickle, although the full flow channel is about 200 feet across. It's actually filled to about 100 ft across today. A decade ago it was common to see it completely full, for days on end. But given the last few years it's almost surreal to see even the moderate flow going past today. Here's hoping for a subtropical, zonal, jet-flow thingie. :)
 
Be safe in the floods, CA friends. Capture as much water as you can. Otherwise, you'll be following the TX towns that are reprocessing sewage outflow and putting it back into the drinking water system.
 
AndyH said:
Be safe in the floods, CA friends. Capture as much water as you can. Otherwise, you'll be following the TX towns that are reprocessing sewage outflow and putting it back into the drinking water system.
There are already many plans to do that and frankly, it's a lot better of an idea than desalination.
 
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