. . . Despite the widespread use of bicycles by many Dutch, air pollution in the Netherlands is worse than European rules permit, mainly due to heavy traffic in the cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam.
The health ministry has warned that current levels of nitrogen dioxide and particle matter emissions can lead to respiratory illnesses, with chronic exposure shortening life expectancy by more than a year.
Amsterdam said it aims to replace all gasoline and diesel engines by emission-free alternatives, such as electric and hydrogen cars, by the end of the next decade.
It will start next year by banning diesel cars built before 2005 from the city, and will gradually expand the range of vehicles that are barred.
The city said it will use subsidies and parking permits to stimulate people to switch to cleaner cars.
